Uno de los métodos alternativos para la resolución de disputas comerciales es el arbitraje. Este medio es equivalente a la entidad de los tribunales estatales. En España, se apega al cumplimiento de lo relativo a la tutela efectiva, por lo que es considerado un medio íntegro para los procedimientos. En este artículo te contamos todo sobre el arbitraje como método alternativo de resolución de disputas.
¿Qué es el arbitraje como método alternativo de resolución de disputas?
El arbitraje permite solucionar disputas y conflictos en plazos más cortos de los referidos al orden jurisdiccional. De igual manera, el o los árbitros que se encargan del procedimiento son expertos en la materia con competencia en diversas áreas, sobre las cuales es posible aplicar el instrumento en cuestión.
La Ley de Arbitraje del año 2003, complementada con la reforma de la Ley 11/2011, facilita la resolución de disputas mediante medios alternativos como es el caso del arbitraje.
En relación a los costos de los procedimientos que se efectúan ante tribunales, el arbitraje conlleva mayor costo económico. Esto no solo se debe a la rapidez del proceso, sino también a que permite que las partes involucradas fijen los términos sobre los cuales debe realizarse, el idioma que se ha de emplear, entre otros aspectos.
En tanto, pese al costo, el arbitraje es el método alternativo más utilizado para la resolución de divergencias o disputas que tienen lugar en las relaciones comerciales.
No obstante, pese a que este mecanismo ha tomado auge no debe creerse que todas las situaciones pueden ser tratadas mediante el arbitraje. Se excluyen, por ejemplo, las controversias
relacionadas a inconvenientes laborales, u otras sobre las que ya exista una resolución judicial competente.
En otras palabras, el arbitraje como método alternativo de resolución de disputas es un sistema que se puede convenir dependiendo de la dificultad del problema a solventar, de la capacidad económica de las partes involucradas, y de las necesidades particulares.
Características del arbitraje como método alternativo de resolución de disputas
El arbitraje es entendido como el medio alternativo para resolver de manera efectiva y rápida inconvenientes de carácter comercial. En tanto, el concepto se define por ser imparcial, flexible y eficiente en función de facilitar el cumplimiento voluntario del fallo.
Imparcialidad
Las partes involucradas en la disputa tienen la libertad de elegir el árbitro que mediará en el proceso, así como la institución arbitral, la sede, las normas del procedimiento, el derecho y el idioma aplicables. En tal sentido, el arbitraje es considerado como un foro neutral definido a preferencia de las partes.
Flexibilidad
Como ya hemos venido explicando, la naturaleza del arbitraje permite adaptar las normas que regirán el procedimiento en función de las circunstancias particulares del caso. En tanto, es capaz de adaptarse a la demanda de la economía moderna enmarcada en lo global y complejo.
Eficiencia
El arbitraje tiene la fortaleza de disponer de árbitros expertos en áreas específicas. Además, estos expertos dedican el tiempo necesario para encontrar las soluciones acertadas ante las circunstancias. Es importante tener en cuenta que el laudo arbitral es ejecutivo, firme y genera los efectos de la situación juzgada desde que es dictado por los árbitros.
Organizaciones arbitrales en España
Las principales organizaciones de carácter arbitral para la resolución de disputas comerciales en España son las siguientes:
- Corte Española de Arbitraje.
- Corte Civil y Mercantil de Arbitraje.
- La Corte de Arbitraje de la Cámara de Comercio de Madrid.
Además de las anteriores, también se encuentran dentro de la lista el Tribunal Arbitral de Barcelona y los arbitrajes ad hoc bajo tutela de los Colegios de Abogados de Madrid y Barcelona.
Carácter internacional del arbitraje como método alternativo de resolución de disputas
Según el artículo 3 de la Ley de Arbitraje, este mecanismo tiene carácter internacional en las siguientes situaciones:
- Al momento de la celebración del procedimiento arbitral, cuando las partes involucradas estén domiciliadas en países diferentes.
- Cuando el lugar del arbitraje, el lugar de cumplimiento de parte de las obligaciones de la relación jurídica de la que derive la disputa o el lugar en el que se tenga la relación más estrecha esté ubicado fuera del territorio español.
- Cuando la relación jurídica involucrada afecte intereses relacionados al comercio internacional.
Por otro lado, en cuanto a la legislación que regula el arbitraje en España se refiere, se contempla la Convención sobre el Reconocimiento y la Ejecución de las Sentencias Arbitrales Extranjeras de 1958, la Convención de Ginebra y la Ley 11/2011, sobre la cual hemos hecho referencia en este artículo.
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